摘要: 在过去的十年里纳米科学的首次浪潮澎湃而过。在此期间， 国际、国内以及香港的学者已向世人证实他们可以采用“build-up”或“build-down”的办法制造大量的纳米管、纳米线以及纳米团簇。这些努力已经表明，如果纳米结构能够低廉地制造，那我们就会有更丰硕的收获。尺度小于20纳米的结构会展现非经典的性质，这提供给我们一个用全新的想法来制造功能器件的基础。在半导体工业，制造结构尺寸小于70纳米器件的能力允许器件的持续微型化。在下一个10 年中，纳米科学和技术的另次浪潮将可能来临。在这个新时期， 科学家和工程师需要展示人们对纳米结构的期待功能以及证实他们的进一步的潜力，拥有在纳米结构实际器件的尺寸、组份、有序和纯度上的良好控制能力将实现人们期望的功能。在本文中，我们将讨论纳米科学和技术在新时期里发展所面对的困难和挑战。一系列新的方法将被讨论。我们还将讨论倘若这些困难能够被克服我们可能会有的收获。 

关键词：纳米科学 纳米技术 纳米管 纳米线 纳米团簇 半导体 
  
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology – the Second Revolution 

Abstract:       The first revolution of nanoscience took place in the past 10 years. In this period, researchers in China, Hong Kong and worldwide have demonstrated the ability to fabricate large quantities of nanotubes, nanowires and nanoclusters of different materials, using either the “build-up” or “build-down” approach. These efforts have shown that if nanostructures can be fabricated inexpensively, there are many rewards to be reaped. Structures smaller than 20nm exhibit non-classical properties and they offer the basis for entirely different thinking in making devices and how devices function. The ability to fabricate structures with dimension less than 70nm allow the continuation of miniaturization of devices in the semiconductor industry. The second nanoscience and nantechnology revolution will likely take place in the next 10 years. In this new period, scientists and engineers will need to show that the potential and promise of nanostructures can be realized. The realization is the fabrication of practical devices with good control in size, composition, order and purity so that such devices will deliver the promised functions. We shall discuss some difficulties and challenges faced in this new period. A number of alternative approaches will be discussed. We shall also discuss some of the rewards if these difficulties can be overcome.>Key words: Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, Nanotubes, Nanowires, Nanoclusters, “build-up”, “build-down”, Semiconductor 
  
I.                    引言 
    纳米科学和技术所涉及的是具有尺寸在1-100纳米范围的结构的制备和表征。在这个领域的研究举世瞩目。例如， 美国政府2001财政年度在纳米尺度科学上的投入要比2000财政年增长83%，达到5亿美金。有两个主要的理由导致人们对纳米尺度结构和器件的兴趣的增加。第一个理由是，纳米结构（尺度小于20纳米）足够小以至于量子力学效应占主导地位，这导致非经典的行为，譬如，量子